Gambaran Kadar Gula Darah Puasa Pada Wanita Obes Dan Non Obes Di Kelurahan Lirung Lingkungan III Di Kecamatan Lirung Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud

: Background. Glucose is simple glucose as the main source of energy for human being's life. Glucose is produced in body by three different elements, which are protein, fat, and carbohydrate; however, most of the glucose amount is produced by carbohydrate. Carbohydrate that is contained in food becomes the main reason for the level of glucose content to increase. Obesity, which is the increasing level of fat inside the body, causes the tendency of insulin's action on target tissue that creates the enhancement of glucose level inside the blood. Destination. This research aims to perceive the level of glucose in blood of obese woman and non obese woman in Lirung Villange Zone III, Lirung District, in the regency of Talaud. Objective. This is descriptive research to describe content of glucose level inside the blood on obese women and non-obese women that are on fasting in Lirung Village zone III, Lirung district, in the regency of Talaud. There are a number of sample used for this research; this consists of 21 obese people and 18 non-obese people. Result. In this reseach, the classification of glucose level of 21 obese woman as respondents (53,85%) is at value of 70-115 mg/dL, while in blood of non obese woman responded by 5 woman (12,82%) is at the glucose level of less than 70 mg/dL, and there other 13 non obese respondents (33,33%) that have glucose level of 70-115 mg/dL. Conclusion. According to the result of this research, it can be concluded that glucose level in blood of obese women and non obese women in Lirung Village Zone III, Lirung District, in regency of Talaud, is at the average normal level of 70-115 mg/dL

Tuberculous Ileal Perforation In A HiV Positive Patient A Case Report And Review Of Literature

Tuberculosis is prevalent worldwide. Even in developed countries there is a resurgence of tuberculosis mainly due to increasing HIV infection. Tuberculous ileal perforation is uncommon. It is, however, a potentially fatal complication of intestinal tuberculosis especially inHIV/AIDS patient. To highlight tuberculous ileal perforation as an underestimated complication of intestinal tuberculosis in anHIVpatient presentingwith acute abdomen. A 42 year old HIV positive long distance truck driver with tuberculous ileal perforation is presented and related literatures reviewed. Intestinal perforation due to abdominal tuberculosis is an aetiological factor in acute HIV abdomen.High index of suspicion remains the key to diagnosis.Keywords: Tuberculosis, Ileal Perforation,HIV Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 11 (4) 2008: pp. 386-38

Noninvasive assessment of vascular function in the posterior tibial artery of healthy humans

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measures the ability of an artery to relax in response to increases in blood velocity. FMD, primarily of the brachial artery, has been used as a noninvasive method of assessing vascular health. The purpose of this study was to assess FMD in the lower legs of humans. Six healthy subjects (27 ± 6 yrs) were tested. Doppler ultrasound images of the posterior tibial artery were taken before, during, and after 5 minutes of proximal cuff occlusion. FMD was measured as the percent increase in diameter after cuff release. Vascular tone was calculated using the resting diameter as a percentage of the vessel's vasoactive range. Minimum diameter occurred during ischemia and maximal diameter occurred following reactive hyperemia with local heating. The lower leg was heated with 10 minutes of immersion in 44°C water. Mean diameters at rest, cuff, and during release were 0.267 ± 0.062, 0.162 ± 0.036, 0.302 ± 0.058 cm, respectively. FMD was 13.5 ± 6.6 % and vascular tone was 29 ± 16.3%. We also found that retesting on a second day produced mean diameter values within 8% of the first day. Larger resting diameter (decreased tone) correlated with decreased FMD (r(2 )= 0.73). These results suggest that FMD and vascular tone can be measured in the posterior tibial artery. This is a potentially powerful tool to non-invasively measure vascular health in the lower legs of people at risk for vascular disease

Bacterial pathogens associated with wound infections at the university of maiduguri teaching hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria

Wound infection is a significant health problem in many parts of the world especially, Africa. It complicates the recovery of the patient, increases trauma care, prolongs hospital stay and has economic consequences on the patient. It also undermines the cost-effectiveness of wound management objectives in health settings. Objective: The study aims at investigating bacterial pathogens associated with wound infections at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Methods: Each of the 165 various wound specimens included in the study were streaked on blood and MacConkey agar plates, incubated aerobically at 37oC for 24 hours and colonies were identified and characterized using conventional methods. Result: Out of the 165 wound samples cultured and examined bacteriologically, 98.8% were positive for bacterial growth. Pure culture was obtained in 139 (84.2%), mixed growth of two organisms in 24 (14.5%) and 2 (1.2%) were negative for isolate. The most prevalent (57%) of gram positive organisms was Staphylococcus aureus and of the gram negative organisms, Proteus spp (16.4%). Twenty (83.3%) out of 24 polymicrobial infections were between Staphylococcus aureus and other organisms and 4(16.7%) were among gram negative organisms.Conclusion: It is hoped that reports of this type will create greater awareness in the selection of prophylactics and suitable antibiotic therapy for prompt healing of wounds and reduction of emergence of resistant strains

Girl Trafficking: Causes, Experiences and Challenges encountered A case of Arusha Municipality

Persistence of human trafficking in Tanzania is reported to be exacerbated by many factors including patriarchal systems, poverty, peer influences, job opportunities and availability of social services to mention a few. Deprivation of capabilities however, has been thought to catalyze the situation more as compared to others. In a research conducted in Arusha Municipality involving girls who are victims of human trafficking and other stakeholders;  it was found out that destitution of rural families, forced marriages, peer influences, broken families and gender based violence were among the root causes which rendered these young girls become preys to traffickers.  Further the study found out that these young girls faced a lot of challenges including being overworked and being unpaid, being tortured physically and sometimes emotionally. Complementing these challenges the girls lamented on sexual abuse and even disease which they encounter. In combating the situation the study recommends more drastic measures to the Government and other stakeholders including increasing awareness in Human Trafficking to the general public and encourages victims to report the cases. Additionally it recommends that children who are most vulnerable and at high risk of being trafficked be checked regularly and if possible be supplied with the basic needs. Key words: Gender based violence, Human trafficking, Poverty, Trafficking in childre

A Qualitative Study of Perceived Risk for HIV Transmission among Police Officers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Understanding people's views about HIV transmission by investigating a specific population may help to design effective HIV prevention strategies. In addition, knowing the inherent sexual practices of such a population, as well as the risky circumstances that may facilitate HIV transmission, is crucial for the said strategies to become effective. In this article, we report how police officers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, perceived the problem of HIV and AIDS in their local context, particularly in relation to unsafe sexual practices. The study was done with the view to recommending ways by which HIV transmission could be minimised within the police force. The study was conducted among members of the police force in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted, with a total of 66 participants who were mixed in terms of age, gender, and marital status. Some of these were caregivers to patients with AIDS. Data were analysed using the interpretive description approach. The participants believed that both individual sexual behaviour and work-related circumstances were sources of HIV infection. They also admitted that they were being tempted to engage in risky sexual practices because of the institutional rules that prohibit officers from getting married during their training and for three years after. Nevertheless, as members of the Police Force, they stressed the fact that the risky sexual behaviour that exposes them to HIV is not limited to the force; it is rather a common problem that is faced by the general population. However, they complained, the nature of their job exposes them to road accident victims, subjecting them further to possible infection, especially when they have to handle these road accident casualties without proper protective gear. Individual sexual behaviour and job-related circumstances are worth investigating if proper advice is to be given to the police regarding HIV prevention strategies. In order to improve the lives of these police officers, there is a need to review the existing institutional rules and practices to accommodate individual sexual needs. In addition, improving their working environment may minimize the risk of HIV transmission from handling casualties in emergency situations

The prevalence and clinical profile of adrenocortical deficiency among HIV infected persons in Northern Nigeria

Background: Infection with the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) is still a prevalent problem in Africa.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypocortisolism among patients with HIV and their clinical profile at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano, Nigeria.Method: Three hundred and fifty adult patients with HIV infection were recruited from the HIV clinic of AKTH, Kano. Blood samples for serum electrolytes, and cortisol both before and after the short Synacthen test were taken for estimation. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0 software.Results: One hundred and eight (30.9%) of participants had low baseline serum cortisol levels, while 57 (16.3%) had a low serum cortisol after short synacthen test. There was no significant relationship between the cortisol levels and clinical features of hypocortisolism, WHO clinical stage of HIV, hypernatremia or HAART regimen. There was a negative correlation between the stimulated serum cortisol and duration of diagnosis of HIV, participants BMI and CD4 counts.Conclusion: The biochemical evidence of hypocortisolism was common among patients infected with HIV, associated with a longer duration of HIV infection. However, none of CD4 counts, clinical features or HAART regimen were associated with hypocortisolism.Keywords: Hypocortisolism, HIV infection, short Synacthen test